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1 Subordinating conjunctions
Подчинительные союзы присоединяют придаточные предложения (см. Subordinate clause) в составе сложноподчиненного предложения (Complex sentence).К подчинительным союзам относятся:as — так как, когда, как
as long as — пока, если
before — перед тем как, прежде чем
for fear that — чтобы... не
hardly... when/before — как только
if — если, ли
in case — на случай, если; чтобы... не
lest — чтобы... не
no sooner... than — как только
scarcely... when/before — как только
since — так как, с тех пор как
so long as — при условии, что; поскольку
so that — так что, чтобы
suppose (that) — если, предположим (что)
supposing (that) — если, предположим (что)
unless — если... не
until — пока... не
whether — ли
•— Употребление союзов в условных придаточных предложениях см. Conditional conjunctions.
— Употребление союзов во временных придаточных предложениях см. Time conjunctions.
— Употребление союзов в причинных придаточных предложениях см. Causal conjunctions.
English-Russian grammar dictionary > Subordinating conjunctions
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2 Causal conjunctions
К причинным союзам (вводящим придаточные предложения причины: см. Adverbial clause of reason) относятся союзы as, because, for, since1) Союзы as и since вводят причину, которая уже известна слушателю или читателю, или маловажна. Такие придаточные предложения часто стоят в начале сложного предложенияAs
he was a bachelor, and in nobody's debt, nobody troubled his head any more about him — Так как он был холост и никому не должен, никто больше о нем не вспоминалthe book was based on interviews, it was as reliable as the subjects' responses — Так как книга была основана на интервью, ей можно было доверять только в той степени, в какой можно полагаться на свидетельства рассказчиков.2) Только союз because может употребляться, если придаточное причины является наиболее важной частью сложного предложения -
3 Conditional conjunctions
К союзам, вводящим условные придаточные предложения, относятся: if, even if, in case, unless, as long as, so long as, on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that) suppose (that), supposing (that).1)а) Союз in case — на случай, если вводит придаточное предложение со значением предостережения. Как правило, в отличие от условных предложений с союзом if, действие придаточного предложения, вводимого союзом in case, имеет место позже, чем действие главного предложенияOne of the two inferior policemen was left at the house, in case anything happened. — Один из двоих младших по чину полицейских был оставлен в доме на случай, если что-нибудь произойдет.
б) В придаточном предложении с союзом in case может употребляться глагол should, который подчеркивает непредсказуемость события, описываемого в придаточном ("на случай, если вдруг").Have your pistol ready in case we should need it — Держите ваш пистолет наготове на случай, если он нам вдруг понадобится.
в) В американском варианте английского языка союз in case может употребляться так же, как союз ifIn case you find him, let me know — Если вы его найдете, скажите мне.
2) Союз unless - если... не вводит условие, являющееся очень маловероятным. Употребление союза unless означает, что событие, описываемое в главном предложении, скорее всего осуществится, если только не произойдет событие, описываемое в придаточном. Unless не может вводить основную причину, по которой событие может не осуществиться.My mother will be very upset if I don't get back home tonight. — Мама очень расстроится, если я не вернусь сегодня домой. (нельзя сказать:*My mother will be very upset unless I get back home tonight.)
I'll definitely do it, unless I get sick. — Я обязательно это сделаю, если только не заболею.
3) Союзы on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that) - при условии что вводят условие, являющееся необходимой предпосылкой действия главного предложения, но не его основной причиной - как и союз unless, однако они не предполагают отрицания.Preservation is valid for three years provided that standard storage conditions are ensured. — Срок хранения - три года (при соблюдении условий хранения).
4) Союзы suppose (that), supposing (that) могут вводить условия, являющиеся предположением. Если речь идет о несбывшемся предположении в прошлом, употребления временных форм подчиняется правилам для условных предложений 3-го типа (см. Condition: type 3). Союз supposing (that) используется преимущественно в британском варианте английского языка.you had had money, would you have bought this house? — Если бы у Вас были деньги, купили бы Вы этот дом?English-Russian grammar dictionary > Conditional conjunctions
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4 Time conjunctions
Союзы, вводящие временные придаточные предложения: when, after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time (that), during the time (that), now (that), once, since, until/ till, whenever, while.Некоторые особенности употребления временных союзов:1)Союзы as, when и while ("когда")могут употребляться при описании "фоновой" ситуации, то есть такой ситуации, которая уже имела место раньше и продолжала иметь место, когда произошло событие, о котором говорится в главном предложении. В придаточных предложениях, вводимых этими союзами, используется обычно прошедшее продолженное время (Past continuous), но при while, as возможно также простое прошедшее (Past simple). Союз as обычно вводит не очень важную информацию; придаточное с as стоит в начале предложения.And then as I was hurrying off I heard him say, quite loudly, to the doctor: "I'll have no favourites on my ship". — А потом, когда я поспешно убегал оттуда, я услышал, как он довольно громко сказал доктору: "Я не потерплю любимчиков на корабле".
б) while.There was silence while one might count ten - the master was gathering his wrath. — Пауза длилась столько, что можно было досчитать до десяти - гнев хозяина нарастал.
в) as, when.And just as he was telling himself that, there came to the door a loud knock. — И как раз когда он говорил себе это, раздался громкий стук в дверь.
2) before, until, as long as.а) Предложение с союзом before ("прежде чем") предполагает, что действие, о котором идет речь в придаточном предложении, имело место раньше, чем основное действие.reaching the town the hunter branched away into a narrow footpath which led to the mountains. — Не доходя до города, охотник свернул на узкую тропинку, ведущую в горы.б) Предложение с союзом until ("пока не") предполагает, что действие, о котором речь в придаточном предложении, продолжалось вплоть до основного события. Союз until имеет отрицательное значение, поэтому на русский язык переводится с отрицанием.When the alarm was raised, she had had no time to get up-stairs: she hid in the west wing until every one was down on the lower floor. — Когда объявили тревогу, у нее не было времени подняться наверх: она пряталась в западном крыле, пока все не спустились на нижний этаж.
в) Если предложение введено союзом as long as ("пока"), то действие, о котором идет речь в главном предложении протекало параллельно с тем действием, о котором речь в придаточном, до окончания последнего.You'll never be a painter as long as you live. — Ты никогда в жизни не станешь художником.
а) Перечисленные конструкции употребляются (часто в сочетании с прошедшим совершенным (Past perfect)) для описания двух действий, одно из которых произошло сразу после другого.This answer no sooner reached Britain, than the whole nation were transported with joy. — Как только эта новость достигла Британии, население возликовало.
I had hardly walked half-way towards the house when Sir Percival, who had withdrawn in the opposite direction, suddenly stopped and called me back. — Не успел я пройти половину пути до дома, как сэр Персиваль, который шел в противоположном направлении, неожиданно остановился и окликнул меня.
б) В письменном языке при употреблении таких конструкций иногда используется обратный порядок слов (см. Inversion):was she out of sight, than Emma exclaimed, 'What an exquisite possession a good picture of her would be!' — Не успела она скрыться из виду, как Эмма воскликнула: " Каким исключительным достоянием мог бы быть ее портрет!"had Daisy opened her lips when a loud ring echoed through the house. — Не успела Дейзи раскрыть рта, как по дому эхом разнесся громкий звонок.•— об обратном порядке слов при выражениях с ограничительным значением см. Inversion after negatives
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5 so that
Союз so that может вводить придаточные предложения как со значением цели, так и со значением следствия. Придаточные предложения цели и следствия близки по значению; в обоих случаях одно событие рассматривается как результат другого события, но в придаточном следствия это событие уже осуществилось, а в придаточном цели его осуществление только предполагается. Как правило, в придаточных цели употребляются конструкции с модальными глаголами (Modal verbs), а в придаточных следствия - обычные глаголы в изъявительном наклонении.Her ideal of happiness was to have a girl to do the rough work so that she need not herself get up before seven. — Ее представление о счастье состояло в том, чтобы держать прислугу для выполнения черной работы, так чтобы ей не нужно было самой вставать раньше семи. ( цель)
Now she had a girl to do the rough work so that she didn't need herself get up before seven. — Теперь у нее была прислуга, делающая черную работу, так что ей не приходилось вставать раньше семи. ( следствие)
•— Придаточное предложение следствия см. Adverbial clause of result
— Придаточное предложение цели см. Adverbial clause of purpose
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6 semol
sĭmŭl (ante-class. also sĕmŭl, Plaut. Trin. prol. p. 97 Ritschl; v. infra; and sĕmŏl, C. I. L. 1175 fin.; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 96; cf. also simitu. The final l of simul was scarcely pronounced in the vulg. lang., and in comic poetry does not make position with an initial consonant following; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 643 sq.; Lorenz ad Plaut. Ps. 567), adv. [Sanscr. sama-; Gr. hama, homos]; cf. semel, = eodem tempore, una, at the same time, together, at once, as soon as.I.Referring, as temporal adverb, to plural nouns of the same sentence, and representing persons or things as acting, happening, etc., simultaneously.1.After a plural subject:2.hunc ambo in saxo semul sedent ejecti,
Plaut. Rud. prol. 72:multa concurrunt simul,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 31:(duo homines) simul cenare voluerunt,
Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:Zmyrnae cum simul essemus compluris dies,
id. Rep. 1, 8, 13:tres simul soles effulserunt,
Liv. 41, 21 fin.:tria simul agmina populabantur Indos,
Curt. 9, 10, 7:duo simul hujusmodi personae Ciceroni obstiterunt,
Quint. 11, 1, 69:Othonem multa simul exstimulabant,
Tac. H. 1, 21; Cic. Fam. 9, 1, 2; id. Att. 5, 10, 5; Liv. 21, 33, 3; 41, 2 init.; Curt. 4, 15, 22.—Sometimes the logical subject is understood:multos modios salis simul (i. e. amicis) edendos esse,
Cic. Lael. 19, 67.—Sometimes both the subject and predicate are understood:quare si simul (i. e. nos agere) placebit,
Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 2.—With a plur. object:3.(Alcumena) uno partu duos peperit semul,
Plaut. Am. 5, 2, 8:duas res simul nunc agere decretum'st mihi,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 1:si duos consules simul ex Italia ejectos... res publica tenere potuisset,
Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:ambo cum simul conspicimus,
Liv. 40, 46 init.:simul omnibus portis erupit,
id. 40, 48 fin.; cf. Auct. Her. 3, 12, 22; Liv. 8, 37, 5; 21, 60; 40, 30; 42, 7; Curt. 5, 9, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 76; 10, 3, 23; 10, 7, 16.—So with singular implying a plural:tota (urbs) simul exsurgere aedificiis coepit,
Liv. 6, 4, 6:totam simul causam ponit ante oculos,
Quint. 6, 1, 1.—After an adverb. implying a plural noun:igitur undique simul (i. e. ex omnibus locis simul) speculatores citi sese ostendunt,
Sall. J. 101, 1.—Referring [p. 1703] to plural attributes:4.omnium simul rerum... discrimine proposito,
Liv. 6, 35, 6:multarum simul civitatium legati Romam convenerunt,
id. 43, 6, 1.—Referring to an attributive participle understood:II.multitudo plurium simul gentium (= simul eodem loco versantium),
Liv. 44, 45:trium simul bellorum victor (= eodem tempore gestorum),
id. 6, 4, 1:inter duo simul bella,
id. 7, 27, 7:tot simul malis victi,
Curt. 4, 4, 12.Referring to nouns, etc., connected by the preposition cum: simul cum = una cum (v. una, s. v. unus), together with:III.novi (illum) cum Calcha semul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 48:jube in urbem veniat jam tecum semul,
id. Most. 4, 2, 26:qui ipsus equidem nunc primum istanc tecum conspicio semul?
id. Am. 2, 2, 122:me misisti ad portum cum luci semul,
id. Stich. 2, 2, 40:quae (amicitia) incepta a parvis cum aetate adcrevit simul,
Ter. And. 3, 3, 7:simul consilium cum re amisti?
id. Eun. 2, 2, 10:Critolaum simul cum Diogene venisse commemoras,
Cic. Or. 2, 38, 100:Hortensius tecum simul pro Appio Claudio dixit,
id. Brut. 64, 230:cum corporibus simul animos interire,
id. Lael. 4, 13:vobiscum simul considerantis,
id. Rep. 1, 46, 70:testamentum Cyri simul obsignavi cum Clodio,
id. Mil. 18, 48:simul cum lege Aelia magistratum iniit,
id. Att. 1, 16, 13:simul cum lumine pandit,
id. Arat. 704 (452):simul cum moribus immutatur fortuna,
Sall. C. 2, 5:cum anima simul,
id. ib. 33, 4:simul cum occasu solis,
id. J. 91, 2:simul cum dono designavit templi finis,
Liv. 1, 10, 5:si (dictator) se (Fabium) simul cum gloria rei gestae extinxisset,
id. 8, 31, 7:ut cresceret simul et neglegentia cum audacia hosti,
id. 31, 36, 7; cf. Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 136; id. Aul. 4, 4, 28; id. Bacch. 4, 1, 5; id. Cist. 4, 2, 105; id. Ep. 1, 1, 39; id. Men. prol. 27; 2, 3, 54; 5, 1, 36; id. Merc. 2, 1, 31; id. Most. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Ac. 1, 1, 13; id. Tusc. 3, 18, 40; id. de Or. 2, 33, 142; 3, 3, 10; id. Arch. 12, 30; id. Sest. 22, 50; id. Fam. 15, 4, 8; Liv. 1, 31, 3; Nep. 3, 2; 11, 3; 18, 3; 23, 6; Quint. 11, 3, 65; Hor. Epod. 1, 8; id. S. 1, 1, 58.—Strengthened by una:quippe omnes semul didicimus tecum una,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 50; cf. id. Most. 4, 3, 43.—With ellipsis of mecum:qui scribis morderi te interdum quod non simul sis,
Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8.—Freq. cum eo (eis, etc.) must be supplied after simul, likewise, together with him, them, etc.:in vigiliam quando ibat miles, tum tu ibas semul (i. e. cum eo)?
Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 86:cum simul P. Rutilius venisset,
Cic. Rep. 1, 11, 17:hos qui simul erant missi, fallere,
id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:prae metu ne simul (i. e. cum iis) Romanus irrumperet,
Liv. 5, 13, 13:extra turbam ordinem conlocuntur semul (i. e. inter se),
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 69; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 180; Cic. Pis. 34, 84; Liv. 6, 11, 5; Curt. 8, 13, 3.—Simul with abl. alone = cum with abl. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. Gr. hama with dat.):simul his,
Hor. S. 1, 10, 86:quippe simul nobis habitat,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 29:his simul,
Sil. 3, 268:Magnetibus simul transmissi,
Tac. A. 4, 55:quindecimviri septemviris simul,
id. ib. 3, 64; cf. id. ib. 6, 9; Sil. 5, 418; Sen. Troad. 1049.Referring to a preceding adverb. clause, at the same time, i.e. as that of the action described:IV.juris ubi dicitur dies, simul patronis dicitur,
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 17:quamquam ego vinum bibo, at mandata hau consuevi semul bibere una (= bibere quom vinum bibo, una cum vino),
id. Pers. 2, 1, 3:quando nihil sit (quod det), semul amare desinat,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 73 Fleck.:ubi res prolatae sunt, quom rus homines eunt, semul prolatae res sunt nostris dentibus,
id. Capt. 1, 1, 10; id. Ps. 4, 7, 84; cf.:domum numquam introibis, nisi feres pallam simul (i. e. cum introibis),
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 104.Referring to two or more co-ordinate terms or facts representing these as simultaneous, and at the same time, and also, both... and ( at once), together.1.Referring to co-ordinate terms of the same sentence.a.Simul preceding all the coordinate terms which are connected by et, ac, atque, que, or by et... et (freq. in the histt.):b.semul flere sorbereque haud facile est,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 104:Q. Hortensi ingenium simul aspectum et probatum est,
Cic. Brut. 64, 228: Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, Sall. J. 70, 5:dicenti lacrimae simul spiritum et vocem intercluserunt,
Liv. 40, 16 init.:quae simul auxilio tribunicio et consensu plebis impediri coepta,
id. 6, 27, 9:Lycios sub Rhodiorum simul imperio et tutela esse,
id. 41, 6 fin.:Priverni qui simul a Fundanis ac Romanis defecerunt,
id. 8, 19, 11:simul divinae humanaeque spei pleni pugnam poscunt,
id. 10, 40, 1:eximio simul honoribus atque virtutibus,
id. 6, 11, 3:obruit animum simul luctus metusque,
id. 42, 28; 5, 26, 10; Val. Max. 5, 2, 6:simul ipsum Vitellium contemnebant metuebantque,
Tac. H. 2, 92; cf. Liv. 3, 38, 12; 3, 50, 12; 5, 7, 3; 6, 18, 5; 6, 33, 9; 6, 40, 4; 9, 12, 4; 27, 51, 12; Caes. B. G. 7, 48; Curt. 5, 4, 30; Sen. Q. N. 2, 54, 2.—So with three or more co-ordinate terms, either all connected by et, Caes. B. G. 4, 24, 2; Quint. 1, 12, 3; 10, 7, 23;or asyndetic: nunc simul res, fides, fama, virtus, decus deseruerunt,
Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 60.—Simul after all the coordinate terms (mostly ante-class.):c.nunc operam potestis ambo mihi dare et vobis simul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 40:faxo et operam et vinum perdiderit simul,
id. Aul. 3, 6, 42:ut si quis sacrilegii et homicidii simul accusetur,
Quint. 12, 1, 4; cf. Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; id. Men. 3, 3, 16; Mart. 11, 58, 10.—Simul after the first of the co-ordinate terms (so not in Cic.):d.convenit regnum simul atque locos ut haberet,
Naev. Bell. Pun. 1, 6, fr. 3:oculis simul ac mente turbatum,
Liv. 7, 26, 5:quod ubi auditum simul visumque est,
id. 8, 39, 7:pulvere simul ac sudore perfusum,
Curt. 3, 5, 2:terrestri simul navalique clade,
id. 4, 3, 14:vota nuncupabantur simul et solvebantur,
Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:qui ima simul ac summa foveret aequaliter,
Sen. Ep. 90, 25; cf. Liv. 4, 32, 12; Curt. 3, 8, 23; 6, 5, 19; 8, 5, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 30.—In post-Aug. prose without any temporal idea, = as well as:populi Romani facta simul ac dicta memoratu digna... deligere constitui,
Val. Max. 1 prol.; so id. 1, 1, 9.—Placed before the last term.(α).Simul et (= simul etiam), and at the same time, and also:(β).Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat,
Sall. J. 97, 1:Marium fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum et offensum,
id. ib. 73, 2:Marius hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem exagitandi, contionem advocavit,
id. ib. 84, 5:milites modesto imperio habiti, simul et locupletes,
id. ib. 92, 2:Perseus cum adventu consulis, simul et veris principio strepere omnia cerneret,
Liv. 44, 34 fin.; cf. Hor. C. 1, 20, 6.—Simulque (rare):(γ).ut (materia) fragilis incumberet, simulque terra umore diluta,
Curt. 8, 10, 25.—Simul, without any conjunction (so in Cic., but only poet.):e.Neptuno grates habeo et tempestatibus, semul Mercurio qui, etc.,
Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 3:Electra Stereopeque, simul sanctissima Maja,
Cic. Arat. 270 (36):inter solis iter, simul inter flamina venti,
id. ib. 342 (101):ambiguus consilii, num Dyrrhachium pedite atque equite, simul longis navibus mare clauderet,
Tac. H. 2, 83. —Inserted in the last term ( poet.):2.memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae,
Hor. C. 1, 36, 9;interea Maecenas advenit atque Coccejus, Capitoque simul Fontejus,
id. S. 1, 5, 32.—Referring to two or more co-ordinate clauses or sentences.a.Et simul or simulque:b.contundam facta Talthybi, contem namque omnes nuntios, semulque cursuram meditabor ad ludos Olympios,
Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 34:eamus, et de istac simul consilium volo capere una tecum,
i. e. while going, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 65:quod... et simul quia,
Lucr. 5, 1181:ratio Ecquaenam fuerit origo... et simul ecquae sit finis, etc.,
id. 5, 1213:sed iidem illi ita mecum loquuntur... et simul admonent quiddam quod cavebimus, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 1, 11, 28:ex tuis litteris cognovi festinationem tuam, et simul sum admiratus cur, etc.,
id. Fam. 7, 8, 1:emergit Nixi caput, et simul effert sese clara Fides et, etc.,
id. Arat. 713 (460):postquam Rutilium consedisse accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio clamorem augeri,
Sall. J. 52, 6:equites ex equis desiliunt, simulque et hosti se opponunt, et animos peditum accendunt,
Liv. 3, 62, 8:tum rigere omnibus corpora... et simul lassitudine et... fame etiam deficere,
id. 21, 54, 9; 41, 3; Cic. Arat. 504 (259); 545 (299); Curt. 4, 2, 21; Quint. 2, 5, 13.—Simul with autem or enim, introducing the second sentence:c.salve! simul autem vale!
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1: augeamus sane suspicionem tuam;simul enim augebimus diligentiam,
Cic. Marc. 7, 22.—Simul preceding co-ordinate sentences, generally connected by et... et, but also by a single copulative conjunction:3.simul enim et rei publicae consules, et propones ei exempla ad imitandum,
Cic. Phil. 10, 2, 5:illa autem altera ratio quae simul et opinionem falsam tollit, et aegritudinem detrahit,
id. Tusc. 4, 28, 60:simul et inopiam frumenti lenire, et ignaris omnibus parare,
Sall. J. 91, 1:nullus portus erat qui simul et omnis onerarias caperet, et tecta legionibus praeberet,
Liv. 32, 18, 3:simul et cohors invasit, et ex omnibus oppidi partibus... concurrerunt,
id. 32, 24, 3: simul Metelli imagines dereptae, et missi qui Antonio nuntiarent. Tac. H. 3, 13; cf. Suet. Caes. 57.—Referring to co-ordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions:V.Mnesilochum ut requiram atque ut eum mecum ad te adducam semul,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 2:tantum faciam ut notam apponam... et simul significem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 6, 2:quod eo liberius ad te seribo, quia nostrae laudi favisti, simulque quod video non novitati esse invisum meae,
id. ib. 1, 7, 8; 7, 10, 3.—If used in connecting dependent clauses, simul often stands for a co-ordinating conjunction; v. VI. infra.Introducing an independent sentence, at the same time, also, likewise (cf.: itaque, igitur, deinde, tum, etc.).1.Simul alone:2.ego Tiresiam consulam quid faciundum censeat: semul hanc rem ut facta est eloquar,
Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 77:sequimini! simul circumspicite ne quis adsit arbiter,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 1:alterum ipse efficiam ut attente audiatis. Simul illud oro: si, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10:hoc proprium virtutis existimant... simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 23:Valerio Samnitium legiones occurrunt... simul in Campanos stimulabat ira,
Liv. 7, 32, 3:tibi (Apollo) decimam partem praedae voveo. Te simul, Juno, precor ut, etc.,
id. 5, 21, 3.—More freq. simul et (= etiam):VI.quia videbitur Magis verisimile id esse... simul et conficiam facilius ego quod volo,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 55:nolite committere ut in re tam inveterata quidquam novi sentiatis. Simul et illa omnia ante oculos vestros proponite, etc.,
Cic. Balb. 28, 65:demonstravi haec Caecilio. Simul et illud ostendi, me ei satisfacturum,
id. Att. 1, 1, 4:legati jam reverterant... simul venerant et ab rege Perseo oratores qui, etc.,
Liv. 41, 19 med.:ipse ad Sycurium progressus, opperiri ibi hostium adventum statuit. Simul et frumentari passim exercitum jubet,
id. 42, 54 fin.; cf. Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 14; Cic. Or. 2, 85, 349; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 34; id. Prov. Cons. 15, 36; id. Balb. 25, 56; id. Arat. 618 (372); 628 (382); 707 (454); 721 (468); Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 6, 8; Sall. C. 30, 2; id. J. 100, 3; Liv. 8, 9, 13; 8, 32, 5; 10, 3, 2; 40, 32; 4, 49, 3; Tac. H. 1, 1; 1, 52; 2, 53; 3, 15; 3, 18; 3, 20; 3, 29; 3, 42; 3, 82.Simul itself stands as co-ordinating conjunction, to connect dependent clauses represented as contemporaneous, and at the same time, and also (not ante-class.; rare in Cic.;VII.freq. in the histt.): ei Verres possessionem negat se daturum, ne posset patronum suum juvare, simul ut esset poena quod, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 124:omnes vocat ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut... pro tali facinore stirps et nomen civitatis tollatur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 34: quippe foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat;simul quia boni complures praesidium in eo putabant,
Sall. C. 19, 2:cujus de virtute, quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam quis existumet memet studium meum laudando extollere,
id. J. 4, 2:nihil horum... discere cum cerneret posse, simul et tirocinio et perturbatione juvenis moveretur, etc.,
Liv. 39, 47:a sermone Graeco puerum incipere malo, quia Latinum vel nobis nolentibus perhibet, simul quia disciplinis quoque Graecis prius instruendus est,
Quint. 1, 1, 12; Sall. J. 20, 1; Liv. 39, 33, 1; 8, 6, 11; Caes. B. C. 43, 2; Sall. C. 20, 3; 56, 5; Liv. 3, 50, 10; 40, 36 init.; Tac. H. 1, [p. 1704] 70;2, 15.—So, connecting participial expressions or adverbial phrases with dependent clauses: his amicis confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum ingens erat, et quod... opprimendae reipublicae consilium cepit,
Sall. C. 16, 4:hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis obsecrati,
id. J. 25, 5:ob eam iram, simul ut praeda militem aleret, duo milia peditum... populari agrum jussit,
Liv. 21, 52, 5; 3, 66, 3:equites praemisit speculatum, simul ut ignem exstinguerent,
Curt. 4, 10, 11:Otho, quamquam turbidis rebus, etc., simul reputans non posse, etc.,
Tac. H. 1, 83 init.:committere igitur eum (locum) non fidelissimis sociis noluit, simul quod ab illa parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32, § 84; Liv. 9, 2, 5; Tac. H. 1, 70 fin.; 2, 28; 2, 30.Simul. as co-ordinating conjunction, is frequently placed before each of the co-ordinate terms (simul... simul = hama men... hama de), partly... partly; not only... but at the same time (not anteAug.).1.With independent clauses:2.simul castra oppugnabantur, simul pars exercitus ad populandum agrum Romanum missa,
Liv. 3, 5, 2:accolas Hannibal simul perlicit ad naves fabricandas, simul et ipsi traici exercitum cupiebant,
id. 21, 26, 7:ab his simul custodes trucidari coepti, simul datum signum armatis ut ex insidiis concurrerent,
id. 9, 25, 8:simul gratias agit, simul gratulatur quod, etc.,
Curt. 6, 7, 15; cf. Verg. A. 1, 631 sq.; 2, 220 sqq.; 12, 268; Liv. 1, 9, 5.—With dependent clauses:3.venit ad quaerendum, simul quod non deducerent praesidia, simul quod in Bithyniam auxilia missi forent,
Liv. 39, 46 fin.:Perseus cum audisset, simul Meliboeam a consulis exercitu oppugnari, simul classem Iolci stare,
id. 44, 13 init.:consul ad Phylan ducit, simul ut praesidium firmaret, simul ut militi frumentum divideret,
id. 44, 8, 1:simul questi... simul nuntiantes,
id. 42, 46:plus quam imponebatur oneris recepi, simul ut pleniore obsequio demererer amantissimos mei, simul ne... alienis vestigiis insisterem, Quint. prooem. 3.—Rarely connecting a dependent clause with an independent sentence: Athenas ierant, simul ut pro legatione praemio esset honos, simul peritos legum peregrinarum ad condenda nova jura usui fore credebant,
Liv. 3, 35, 5; cf. Verg. A. 12, 758.—Co-ordinating dependent clauses with adverbial phrases:4.Germani frequenter in castra venerunt, simul sui purgandi causa, simul ut de induciis impetrarent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 13:Philippus, simul ne ocio miles deterior fieret, simul avertendae suspicionis causa... in Maedicam ducere pergit,
Liv. 40, 21, 1. —Connecting single nouns or phrases belonging to the same predicate:VIII.cum simul fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum impetum sustinuit,
Liv. 2, 10, 10:ad se simul legatos, simul milites missos,
id. 42, 52 med.:et Romae simul dilectu, simul tributo conferendo laboratum est,
id. 5, 10, 3:increpando simul temeritatem, simul ignaviam,
id. 2, 65, 4:tum vero si mul ab hostibus, simul ab iniquitate loco rum Poeni oppugnabantur,
id. 21, 33, 5:inter simul complorationem feminarum, simul nefandam caedem,
id. 41, 11:simul a mari, simul a terra ingredienti,
id. 44, 12 med.; cf. Tac. A. 1, 49; 14, 40; id. Agr. 25; 36; 41; Verg. G. 3, 201; id. A. 1, 513; Hor. S. 2, 2, 73.Simul, in connection with ac, atque (also written in one word, , sĭmŭlatque), rarely with ut, and very rarely with et, is used as subordinating, temporal conjunction, as soon as. For simulac, etc., simul alone is freq.1.Simul ac: simul ac lacrimas de ore noegeo (i. e. candido) detersit, Liv. And. ap. Fest. p. 174 Mull.:2.Demenaetum simul ac conspexero hodie,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 73:non simul ac se ipse commovit, sensit quid intersit,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:si simul ac procul conspexit armatos, recessisset,
id. Caecil. 16, 46:dicebam, simul ac timere desisses, similem te futurum tui,
id. Phil. 2, 35, 89:Alcibiades, simul ac se remiserat, dissolutus reperiebatur,
Nep. Alcib. 1. 4:at mihi plaudo Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arca,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 67; cf. Cic. N. D. 1, 38, 108; id. Fam. 15, 16, 2; id. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 46; id. Or. 2, 27, 117; Verg. A. 4, 90; 12, 222; Ov. M. 2, 167; Hor. S. 1, 2, 33; 1, 4, 119; 1, 8, 21.—Strengthened by primum (= ut primum):simul ac primum ei occasio visa est, quaestor consulem deseruit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 34; so id. ib. 2, 1, 52, § 138; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; Suet. Caes. 30; id. Ner. 43.—Simul atque:3.L. Clodius, simul atque introductus est, rem conficit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes ilico nostrae conticescunt,
id. Mur. 10, 22:simul atque audivit ejus interitum, suo Marte res suas recuperavit,
id. Phil. 2, 37, 95:simul atque enim se infiexit hic rex in dominatum injustiorem, fit continuo tyrannus,
id. Rep. 2, 26, 49:simul atque sibi hic adnuisset, numeraturum se dicebat,
id. Quint. 5, 18:qui, simul atque in oppidum venerat, inmittebantur illi continuo Cibyratici canes,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 21, § 47:simul atque de Caesaris adventu cognitum est,
Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 3; cf. Cic. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 8, 10, 31; Suet. Caes. 29; id. Galb. 7.—Simul ut (v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33):4.simul ut experrecti sumus, visa illa contemnimus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:simul ut accepi a Seleuco litteras tuas, statim quaesivi, etc.,
id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:nostros omnia consequi potuisse, simul ut velle coepissent,
id. Tusc. 4, 2, 5; id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 3 (6, 2):simul ut, qui sint professi, videro, dicam,
id. Planc. 6, 14; id. Att. 10, 4, 12:nam simul ut supero se totum lumine Cancer extulit, extemplo cedit delapsa Corona,
id. Arat. 596 (349).—Simul et:5.simul et quid erit certi, scribam ad te,
Cic. Att. 2, 20, 2:ego ad te statim habebo quod scribam, simul et videro Curionem,
id. ib. 10, 4, 12:quam accepi simul et in Cumanum veni,
id. ib. 10, 16, 4; 16, 11, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 3. In all these passages the Cod. Med. has simul et, which the editors variously changed into simulatque, simulac, simul ut, simul; so,omne animal simul et ortum est, se ipsum diligit,
Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33, where the vulg. has simul ut, and Madv. reads simul [et] ortum.—Simul ubi:6.quod simul ubi conspexit, equites emisit,
Liv. 4, 18, 7 dub. Weissenb. ad loc.—Simul alone, = simul atque:simul herbae inceperint nasci,
Cato, R. R. 48:hic simul argentum repperit, cura sese expedivit,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 4: simul limen intrabo, illi extrabunt illico, Afran. ap. Non. 104, 21 (Com. Rel. v. 5 Rib.):simul inflavit tibicen, a perito carmen agnoscitur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 86:nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, in hostes impetum fecerunt,
Caes. B. G. 4, 26 fin.:simul increpuere arma, hostis pedem rettulit,
Liv. 6, 24, 1; cf. Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 12; id. Fin. 3, 6, 21; id. Arat. 594 (349); Caes. B. C. 1, 30, 3; Liv. 3, 62, 6; 4, 18, 6; 4, 31, 5; 4, 32, 6; 5, 25, 11; 8, 32, 2; 21, 55, 9; 44, 8 med.; 44, 19; 44, 44 fin.; Curt. 3, 11, 4; Phaedr. 3, 16, 16; Hor. C. 1, 12, 27; 3, 4, 37; Verg. G. 4, 232; Ov. F. 1, 567.—Strengthened by primum:simul primum magistratio abiit, dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:simul primum anni tempus navigabile praebuisset mare,
id. 35, 44, 5 Weissenb. ad loc.; Suet. Caes. 30. -
7 semul
sĭmŭl (ante-class. also sĕmŭl, Plaut. Trin. prol. p. 97 Ritschl; v. infra; and sĕmŏl, C. I. L. 1175 fin.; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 96; cf. also simitu. The final l of simul was scarcely pronounced in the vulg. lang., and in comic poetry does not make position with an initial consonant following; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 643 sq.; Lorenz ad Plaut. Ps. 567), adv. [Sanscr. sama-; Gr. hama, homos]; cf. semel, = eodem tempore, una, at the same time, together, at once, as soon as.I.Referring, as temporal adverb, to plural nouns of the same sentence, and representing persons or things as acting, happening, etc., simultaneously.1.After a plural subject:2.hunc ambo in saxo semul sedent ejecti,
Plaut. Rud. prol. 72:multa concurrunt simul,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 31:(duo homines) simul cenare voluerunt,
Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:Zmyrnae cum simul essemus compluris dies,
id. Rep. 1, 8, 13:tres simul soles effulserunt,
Liv. 41, 21 fin.:tria simul agmina populabantur Indos,
Curt. 9, 10, 7:duo simul hujusmodi personae Ciceroni obstiterunt,
Quint. 11, 1, 69:Othonem multa simul exstimulabant,
Tac. H. 1, 21; Cic. Fam. 9, 1, 2; id. Att. 5, 10, 5; Liv. 21, 33, 3; 41, 2 init.; Curt. 4, 15, 22.—Sometimes the logical subject is understood:multos modios salis simul (i. e. amicis) edendos esse,
Cic. Lael. 19, 67.—Sometimes both the subject and predicate are understood:quare si simul (i. e. nos agere) placebit,
Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 2.—With a plur. object:3.(Alcumena) uno partu duos peperit semul,
Plaut. Am. 5, 2, 8:duas res simul nunc agere decretum'st mihi,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 1:si duos consules simul ex Italia ejectos... res publica tenere potuisset,
Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:ambo cum simul conspicimus,
Liv. 40, 46 init.:simul omnibus portis erupit,
id. 40, 48 fin.; cf. Auct. Her. 3, 12, 22; Liv. 8, 37, 5; 21, 60; 40, 30; 42, 7; Curt. 5, 9, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 76; 10, 3, 23; 10, 7, 16.—So with singular implying a plural:tota (urbs) simul exsurgere aedificiis coepit,
Liv. 6, 4, 6:totam simul causam ponit ante oculos,
Quint. 6, 1, 1.—After an adverb. implying a plural noun:igitur undique simul (i. e. ex omnibus locis simul) speculatores citi sese ostendunt,
Sall. J. 101, 1.—Referring [p. 1703] to plural attributes:4.omnium simul rerum... discrimine proposito,
Liv. 6, 35, 6:multarum simul civitatium legati Romam convenerunt,
id. 43, 6, 1.—Referring to an attributive participle understood:II.multitudo plurium simul gentium (= simul eodem loco versantium),
Liv. 44, 45:trium simul bellorum victor (= eodem tempore gestorum),
id. 6, 4, 1:inter duo simul bella,
id. 7, 27, 7:tot simul malis victi,
Curt. 4, 4, 12.Referring to nouns, etc., connected by the preposition cum: simul cum = una cum (v. una, s. v. unus), together with:III.novi (illum) cum Calcha semul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 48:jube in urbem veniat jam tecum semul,
id. Most. 4, 2, 26:qui ipsus equidem nunc primum istanc tecum conspicio semul?
id. Am. 2, 2, 122:me misisti ad portum cum luci semul,
id. Stich. 2, 2, 40:quae (amicitia) incepta a parvis cum aetate adcrevit simul,
Ter. And. 3, 3, 7:simul consilium cum re amisti?
id. Eun. 2, 2, 10:Critolaum simul cum Diogene venisse commemoras,
Cic. Or. 2, 38, 100:Hortensius tecum simul pro Appio Claudio dixit,
id. Brut. 64, 230:cum corporibus simul animos interire,
id. Lael. 4, 13:vobiscum simul considerantis,
id. Rep. 1, 46, 70:testamentum Cyri simul obsignavi cum Clodio,
id. Mil. 18, 48:simul cum lege Aelia magistratum iniit,
id. Att. 1, 16, 13:simul cum lumine pandit,
id. Arat. 704 (452):simul cum moribus immutatur fortuna,
Sall. C. 2, 5:cum anima simul,
id. ib. 33, 4:simul cum occasu solis,
id. J. 91, 2:simul cum dono designavit templi finis,
Liv. 1, 10, 5:si (dictator) se (Fabium) simul cum gloria rei gestae extinxisset,
id. 8, 31, 7:ut cresceret simul et neglegentia cum audacia hosti,
id. 31, 36, 7; cf. Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 136; id. Aul. 4, 4, 28; id. Bacch. 4, 1, 5; id. Cist. 4, 2, 105; id. Ep. 1, 1, 39; id. Men. prol. 27; 2, 3, 54; 5, 1, 36; id. Merc. 2, 1, 31; id. Most. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Ac. 1, 1, 13; id. Tusc. 3, 18, 40; id. de Or. 2, 33, 142; 3, 3, 10; id. Arch. 12, 30; id. Sest. 22, 50; id. Fam. 15, 4, 8; Liv. 1, 31, 3; Nep. 3, 2; 11, 3; 18, 3; 23, 6; Quint. 11, 3, 65; Hor. Epod. 1, 8; id. S. 1, 1, 58.—Strengthened by una:quippe omnes semul didicimus tecum una,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 50; cf. id. Most. 4, 3, 43.—With ellipsis of mecum:qui scribis morderi te interdum quod non simul sis,
Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8.—Freq. cum eo (eis, etc.) must be supplied after simul, likewise, together with him, them, etc.:in vigiliam quando ibat miles, tum tu ibas semul (i. e. cum eo)?
Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 86:cum simul P. Rutilius venisset,
Cic. Rep. 1, 11, 17:hos qui simul erant missi, fallere,
id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:prae metu ne simul (i. e. cum iis) Romanus irrumperet,
Liv. 5, 13, 13:extra turbam ordinem conlocuntur semul (i. e. inter se),
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 69; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 180; Cic. Pis. 34, 84; Liv. 6, 11, 5; Curt. 8, 13, 3.—Simul with abl. alone = cum with abl. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. Gr. hama with dat.):simul his,
Hor. S. 1, 10, 86:quippe simul nobis habitat,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 29:his simul,
Sil. 3, 268:Magnetibus simul transmissi,
Tac. A. 4, 55:quindecimviri septemviris simul,
id. ib. 3, 64; cf. id. ib. 6, 9; Sil. 5, 418; Sen. Troad. 1049.Referring to a preceding adverb. clause, at the same time, i.e. as that of the action described:IV.juris ubi dicitur dies, simul patronis dicitur,
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 17:quamquam ego vinum bibo, at mandata hau consuevi semul bibere una (= bibere quom vinum bibo, una cum vino),
id. Pers. 2, 1, 3:quando nihil sit (quod det), semul amare desinat,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 73 Fleck.:ubi res prolatae sunt, quom rus homines eunt, semul prolatae res sunt nostris dentibus,
id. Capt. 1, 1, 10; id. Ps. 4, 7, 84; cf.:domum numquam introibis, nisi feres pallam simul (i. e. cum introibis),
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 104.Referring to two or more co-ordinate terms or facts representing these as simultaneous, and at the same time, and also, both... and ( at once), together.1.Referring to co-ordinate terms of the same sentence.a.Simul preceding all the coordinate terms which are connected by et, ac, atque, que, or by et... et (freq. in the histt.):b.semul flere sorbereque haud facile est,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 104:Q. Hortensi ingenium simul aspectum et probatum est,
Cic. Brut. 64, 228: Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, Sall. J. 70, 5:dicenti lacrimae simul spiritum et vocem intercluserunt,
Liv. 40, 16 init.:quae simul auxilio tribunicio et consensu plebis impediri coepta,
id. 6, 27, 9:Lycios sub Rhodiorum simul imperio et tutela esse,
id. 41, 6 fin.:Priverni qui simul a Fundanis ac Romanis defecerunt,
id. 8, 19, 11:simul divinae humanaeque spei pleni pugnam poscunt,
id. 10, 40, 1:eximio simul honoribus atque virtutibus,
id. 6, 11, 3:obruit animum simul luctus metusque,
id. 42, 28; 5, 26, 10; Val. Max. 5, 2, 6:simul ipsum Vitellium contemnebant metuebantque,
Tac. H. 2, 92; cf. Liv. 3, 38, 12; 3, 50, 12; 5, 7, 3; 6, 18, 5; 6, 33, 9; 6, 40, 4; 9, 12, 4; 27, 51, 12; Caes. B. G. 7, 48; Curt. 5, 4, 30; Sen. Q. N. 2, 54, 2.—So with three or more co-ordinate terms, either all connected by et, Caes. B. G. 4, 24, 2; Quint. 1, 12, 3; 10, 7, 23;or asyndetic: nunc simul res, fides, fama, virtus, decus deseruerunt,
Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 60.—Simul after all the coordinate terms (mostly ante-class.):c.nunc operam potestis ambo mihi dare et vobis simul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 40:faxo et operam et vinum perdiderit simul,
id. Aul. 3, 6, 42:ut si quis sacrilegii et homicidii simul accusetur,
Quint. 12, 1, 4; cf. Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; id. Men. 3, 3, 16; Mart. 11, 58, 10.—Simul after the first of the co-ordinate terms (so not in Cic.):d.convenit regnum simul atque locos ut haberet,
Naev. Bell. Pun. 1, 6, fr. 3:oculis simul ac mente turbatum,
Liv. 7, 26, 5:quod ubi auditum simul visumque est,
id. 8, 39, 7:pulvere simul ac sudore perfusum,
Curt. 3, 5, 2:terrestri simul navalique clade,
id. 4, 3, 14:vota nuncupabantur simul et solvebantur,
Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:qui ima simul ac summa foveret aequaliter,
Sen. Ep. 90, 25; cf. Liv. 4, 32, 12; Curt. 3, 8, 23; 6, 5, 19; 8, 5, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 30.—In post-Aug. prose without any temporal idea, = as well as:populi Romani facta simul ac dicta memoratu digna... deligere constitui,
Val. Max. 1 prol.; so id. 1, 1, 9.—Placed before the last term.(α).Simul et (= simul etiam), and at the same time, and also:(β).Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat,
Sall. J. 97, 1:Marium fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum et offensum,
id. ib. 73, 2:Marius hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem exagitandi, contionem advocavit,
id. ib. 84, 5:milites modesto imperio habiti, simul et locupletes,
id. ib. 92, 2:Perseus cum adventu consulis, simul et veris principio strepere omnia cerneret,
Liv. 44, 34 fin.; cf. Hor. C. 1, 20, 6.—Simulque (rare):(γ).ut (materia) fragilis incumberet, simulque terra umore diluta,
Curt. 8, 10, 25.—Simul, without any conjunction (so in Cic., but only poet.):e.Neptuno grates habeo et tempestatibus, semul Mercurio qui, etc.,
Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 3:Electra Stereopeque, simul sanctissima Maja,
Cic. Arat. 270 (36):inter solis iter, simul inter flamina venti,
id. ib. 342 (101):ambiguus consilii, num Dyrrhachium pedite atque equite, simul longis navibus mare clauderet,
Tac. H. 2, 83. —Inserted in the last term ( poet.):2.memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae,
Hor. C. 1, 36, 9;interea Maecenas advenit atque Coccejus, Capitoque simul Fontejus,
id. S. 1, 5, 32.—Referring to two or more co-ordinate clauses or sentences.a.Et simul or simulque:b.contundam facta Talthybi, contem namque omnes nuntios, semulque cursuram meditabor ad ludos Olympios,
Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 34:eamus, et de istac simul consilium volo capere una tecum,
i. e. while going, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 65:quod... et simul quia,
Lucr. 5, 1181:ratio Ecquaenam fuerit origo... et simul ecquae sit finis, etc.,
id. 5, 1213:sed iidem illi ita mecum loquuntur... et simul admonent quiddam quod cavebimus, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 1, 11, 28:ex tuis litteris cognovi festinationem tuam, et simul sum admiratus cur, etc.,
id. Fam. 7, 8, 1:emergit Nixi caput, et simul effert sese clara Fides et, etc.,
id. Arat. 713 (460):postquam Rutilium consedisse accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio clamorem augeri,
Sall. J. 52, 6:equites ex equis desiliunt, simulque et hosti se opponunt, et animos peditum accendunt,
Liv. 3, 62, 8:tum rigere omnibus corpora... et simul lassitudine et... fame etiam deficere,
id. 21, 54, 9; 41, 3; Cic. Arat. 504 (259); 545 (299); Curt. 4, 2, 21; Quint. 2, 5, 13.—Simul with autem or enim, introducing the second sentence:c.salve! simul autem vale!
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1: augeamus sane suspicionem tuam;simul enim augebimus diligentiam,
Cic. Marc. 7, 22.—Simul preceding co-ordinate sentences, generally connected by et... et, but also by a single copulative conjunction:3.simul enim et rei publicae consules, et propones ei exempla ad imitandum,
Cic. Phil. 10, 2, 5:illa autem altera ratio quae simul et opinionem falsam tollit, et aegritudinem detrahit,
id. Tusc. 4, 28, 60:simul et inopiam frumenti lenire, et ignaris omnibus parare,
Sall. J. 91, 1:nullus portus erat qui simul et omnis onerarias caperet, et tecta legionibus praeberet,
Liv. 32, 18, 3:simul et cohors invasit, et ex omnibus oppidi partibus... concurrerunt,
id. 32, 24, 3: simul Metelli imagines dereptae, et missi qui Antonio nuntiarent. Tac. H. 3, 13; cf. Suet. Caes. 57.—Referring to co-ordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions:V.Mnesilochum ut requiram atque ut eum mecum ad te adducam semul,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 2:tantum faciam ut notam apponam... et simul significem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 6, 2:quod eo liberius ad te seribo, quia nostrae laudi favisti, simulque quod video non novitati esse invisum meae,
id. ib. 1, 7, 8; 7, 10, 3.—If used in connecting dependent clauses, simul often stands for a co-ordinating conjunction; v. VI. infra.Introducing an independent sentence, at the same time, also, likewise (cf.: itaque, igitur, deinde, tum, etc.).1.Simul alone:2.ego Tiresiam consulam quid faciundum censeat: semul hanc rem ut facta est eloquar,
Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 77:sequimini! simul circumspicite ne quis adsit arbiter,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 1:alterum ipse efficiam ut attente audiatis. Simul illud oro: si, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10:hoc proprium virtutis existimant... simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 23:Valerio Samnitium legiones occurrunt... simul in Campanos stimulabat ira,
Liv. 7, 32, 3:tibi (Apollo) decimam partem praedae voveo. Te simul, Juno, precor ut, etc.,
id. 5, 21, 3.—More freq. simul et (= etiam):VI.quia videbitur Magis verisimile id esse... simul et conficiam facilius ego quod volo,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 55:nolite committere ut in re tam inveterata quidquam novi sentiatis. Simul et illa omnia ante oculos vestros proponite, etc.,
Cic. Balb. 28, 65:demonstravi haec Caecilio. Simul et illud ostendi, me ei satisfacturum,
id. Att. 1, 1, 4:legati jam reverterant... simul venerant et ab rege Perseo oratores qui, etc.,
Liv. 41, 19 med.:ipse ad Sycurium progressus, opperiri ibi hostium adventum statuit. Simul et frumentari passim exercitum jubet,
id. 42, 54 fin.; cf. Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 14; Cic. Or. 2, 85, 349; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 34; id. Prov. Cons. 15, 36; id. Balb. 25, 56; id. Arat. 618 (372); 628 (382); 707 (454); 721 (468); Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 6, 8; Sall. C. 30, 2; id. J. 100, 3; Liv. 8, 9, 13; 8, 32, 5; 10, 3, 2; 40, 32; 4, 49, 3; Tac. H. 1, 1; 1, 52; 2, 53; 3, 15; 3, 18; 3, 20; 3, 29; 3, 42; 3, 82.Simul itself stands as co-ordinating conjunction, to connect dependent clauses represented as contemporaneous, and at the same time, and also (not ante-class.; rare in Cic.;VII.freq. in the histt.): ei Verres possessionem negat se daturum, ne posset patronum suum juvare, simul ut esset poena quod, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 124:omnes vocat ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut... pro tali facinore stirps et nomen civitatis tollatur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 34: quippe foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat;simul quia boni complures praesidium in eo putabant,
Sall. C. 19, 2:cujus de virtute, quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam quis existumet memet studium meum laudando extollere,
id. J. 4, 2:nihil horum... discere cum cerneret posse, simul et tirocinio et perturbatione juvenis moveretur, etc.,
Liv. 39, 47:a sermone Graeco puerum incipere malo, quia Latinum vel nobis nolentibus perhibet, simul quia disciplinis quoque Graecis prius instruendus est,
Quint. 1, 1, 12; Sall. J. 20, 1; Liv. 39, 33, 1; 8, 6, 11; Caes. B. C. 43, 2; Sall. C. 20, 3; 56, 5; Liv. 3, 50, 10; 40, 36 init.; Tac. H. 1, [p. 1704] 70;2, 15.—So, connecting participial expressions or adverbial phrases with dependent clauses: his amicis confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum ingens erat, et quod... opprimendae reipublicae consilium cepit,
Sall. C. 16, 4:hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis obsecrati,
id. J. 25, 5:ob eam iram, simul ut praeda militem aleret, duo milia peditum... populari agrum jussit,
Liv. 21, 52, 5; 3, 66, 3:equites praemisit speculatum, simul ut ignem exstinguerent,
Curt. 4, 10, 11:Otho, quamquam turbidis rebus, etc., simul reputans non posse, etc.,
Tac. H. 1, 83 init.:committere igitur eum (locum) non fidelissimis sociis noluit, simul quod ab illa parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32, § 84; Liv. 9, 2, 5; Tac. H. 1, 70 fin.; 2, 28; 2, 30.Simul. as co-ordinating conjunction, is frequently placed before each of the co-ordinate terms (simul... simul = hama men... hama de), partly... partly; not only... but at the same time (not anteAug.).1.With independent clauses:2.simul castra oppugnabantur, simul pars exercitus ad populandum agrum Romanum missa,
Liv. 3, 5, 2:accolas Hannibal simul perlicit ad naves fabricandas, simul et ipsi traici exercitum cupiebant,
id. 21, 26, 7:ab his simul custodes trucidari coepti, simul datum signum armatis ut ex insidiis concurrerent,
id. 9, 25, 8:simul gratias agit, simul gratulatur quod, etc.,
Curt. 6, 7, 15; cf. Verg. A. 1, 631 sq.; 2, 220 sqq.; 12, 268; Liv. 1, 9, 5.—With dependent clauses:3.venit ad quaerendum, simul quod non deducerent praesidia, simul quod in Bithyniam auxilia missi forent,
Liv. 39, 46 fin.:Perseus cum audisset, simul Meliboeam a consulis exercitu oppugnari, simul classem Iolci stare,
id. 44, 13 init.:consul ad Phylan ducit, simul ut praesidium firmaret, simul ut militi frumentum divideret,
id. 44, 8, 1:simul questi... simul nuntiantes,
id. 42, 46:plus quam imponebatur oneris recepi, simul ut pleniore obsequio demererer amantissimos mei, simul ne... alienis vestigiis insisterem, Quint. prooem. 3.—Rarely connecting a dependent clause with an independent sentence: Athenas ierant, simul ut pro legatione praemio esset honos, simul peritos legum peregrinarum ad condenda nova jura usui fore credebant,
Liv. 3, 35, 5; cf. Verg. A. 12, 758.—Co-ordinating dependent clauses with adverbial phrases:4.Germani frequenter in castra venerunt, simul sui purgandi causa, simul ut de induciis impetrarent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 13:Philippus, simul ne ocio miles deterior fieret, simul avertendae suspicionis causa... in Maedicam ducere pergit,
Liv. 40, 21, 1. —Connecting single nouns or phrases belonging to the same predicate:VIII.cum simul fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum impetum sustinuit,
Liv. 2, 10, 10:ad se simul legatos, simul milites missos,
id. 42, 52 med.:et Romae simul dilectu, simul tributo conferendo laboratum est,
id. 5, 10, 3:increpando simul temeritatem, simul ignaviam,
id. 2, 65, 4:tum vero si mul ab hostibus, simul ab iniquitate loco rum Poeni oppugnabantur,
id. 21, 33, 5:inter simul complorationem feminarum, simul nefandam caedem,
id. 41, 11:simul a mari, simul a terra ingredienti,
id. 44, 12 med.; cf. Tac. A. 1, 49; 14, 40; id. Agr. 25; 36; 41; Verg. G. 3, 201; id. A. 1, 513; Hor. S. 2, 2, 73.Simul, in connection with ac, atque (also written in one word, , sĭmŭlatque), rarely with ut, and very rarely with et, is used as subordinating, temporal conjunction, as soon as. For simulac, etc., simul alone is freq.1.Simul ac: simul ac lacrimas de ore noegeo (i. e. candido) detersit, Liv. And. ap. Fest. p. 174 Mull.:2.Demenaetum simul ac conspexero hodie,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 73:non simul ac se ipse commovit, sensit quid intersit,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:si simul ac procul conspexit armatos, recessisset,
id. Caecil. 16, 46:dicebam, simul ac timere desisses, similem te futurum tui,
id. Phil. 2, 35, 89:Alcibiades, simul ac se remiserat, dissolutus reperiebatur,
Nep. Alcib. 1. 4:at mihi plaudo Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arca,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 67; cf. Cic. N. D. 1, 38, 108; id. Fam. 15, 16, 2; id. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 46; id. Or. 2, 27, 117; Verg. A. 4, 90; 12, 222; Ov. M. 2, 167; Hor. S. 1, 2, 33; 1, 4, 119; 1, 8, 21.—Strengthened by primum (= ut primum):simul ac primum ei occasio visa est, quaestor consulem deseruit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 34; so id. ib. 2, 1, 52, § 138; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; Suet. Caes. 30; id. Ner. 43.—Simul atque:3.L. Clodius, simul atque introductus est, rem conficit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes ilico nostrae conticescunt,
id. Mur. 10, 22:simul atque audivit ejus interitum, suo Marte res suas recuperavit,
id. Phil. 2, 37, 95:simul atque enim se infiexit hic rex in dominatum injustiorem, fit continuo tyrannus,
id. Rep. 2, 26, 49:simul atque sibi hic adnuisset, numeraturum se dicebat,
id. Quint. 5, 18:qui, simul atque in oppidum venerat, inmittebantur illi continuo Cibyratici canes,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 21, § 47:simul atque de Caesaris adventu cognitum est,
Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 3; cf. Cic. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 8, 10, 31; Suet. Caes. 29; id. Galb. 7.—Simul ut (v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33):4.simul ut experrecti sumus, visa illa contemnimus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:simul ut accepi a Seleuco litteras tuas, statim quaesivi, etc.,
id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:nostros omnia consequi potuisse, simul ut velle coepissent,
id. Tusc. 4, 2, 5; id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 3 (6, 2):simul ut, qui sint professi, videro, dicam,
id. Planc. 6, 14; id. Att. 10, 4, 12:nam simul ut supero se totum lumine Cancer extulit, extemplo cedit delapsa Corona,
id. Arat. 596 (349).—Simul et:5.simul et quid erit certi, scribam ad te,
Cic. Att. 2, 20, 2:ego ad te statim habebo quod scribam, simul et videro Curionem,
id. ib. 10, 4, 12:quam accepi simul et in Cumanum veni,
id. ib. 10, 16, 4; 16, 11, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 3. In all these passages the Cod. Med. has simul et, which the editors variously changed into simulatque, simulac, simul ut, simul; so,omne animal simul et ortum est, se ipsum diligit,
Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33, where the vulg. has simul ut, and Madv. reads simul [et] ortum.—Simul ubi:6.quod simul ubi conspexit, equites emisit,
Liv. 4, 18, 7 dub. Weissenb. ad loc.—Simul alone, = simul atque:simul herbae inceperint nasci,
Cato, R. R. 48:hic simul argentum repperit, cura sese expedivit,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 4: simul limen intrabo, illi extrabunt illico, Afran. ap. Non. 104, 21 (Com. Rel. v. 5 Rib.):simul inflavit tibicen, a perito carmen agnoscitur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 86:nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, in hostes impetum fecerunt,
Caes. B. G. 4, 26 fin.:simul increpuere arma, hostis pedem rettulit,
Liv. 6, 24, 1; cf. Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 12; id. Fin. 3, 6, 21; id. Arat. 594 (349); Caes. B. C. 1, 30, 3; Liv. 3, 62, 6; 4, 18, 6; 4, 31, 5; 4, 32, 6; 5, 25, 11; 8, 32, 2; 21, 55, 9; 44, 8 med.; 44, 19; 44, 44 fin.; Curt. 3, 11, 4; Phaedr. 3, 16, 16; Hor. C. 1, 12, 27; 3, 4, 37; Verg. G. 4, 232; Ov. F. 1, 567.—Strengthened by primum:simul primum magistratio abiit, dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:simul primum anni tempus navigabile praebuisset mare,
id. 35, 44, 5 Weissenb. ad loc.; Suet. Caes. 30. -
8 simul
sĭmŭl (ante-class. also sĕmŭl, Plaut. Trin. prol. p. 97 Ritschl; v. infra; and sĕmŏl, C. I. L. 1175 fin.; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 96; cf. also simitu. The final l of simul was scarcely pronounced in the vulg. lang., and in comic poetry does not make position with an initial consonant following; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 643 sq.; Lorenz ad Plaut. Ps. 567), adv. [Sanscr. sama-; Gr. hama, homos]; cf. semel, = eodem tempore, una, at the same time, together, at once, as soon as.I.Referring, as temporal adverb, to plural nouns of the same sentence, and representing persons or things as acting, happening, etc., simultaneously.1.After a plural subject:2.hunc ambo in saxo semul sedent ejecti,
Plaut. Rud. prol. 72:multa concurrunt simul,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 31:(duo homines) simul cenare voluerunt,
Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:Zmyrnae cum simul essemus compluris dies,
id. Rep. 1, 8, 13:tres simul soles effulserunt,
Liv. 41, 21 fin.:tria simul agmina populabantur Indos,
Curt. 9, 10, 7:duo simul hujusmodi personae Ciceroni obstiterunt,
Quint. 11, 1, 69:Othonem multa simul exstimulabant,
Tac. H. 1, 21; Cic. Fam. 9, 1, 2; id. Att. 5, 10, 5; Liv. 21, 33, 3; 41, 2 init.; Curt. 4, 15, 22.—Sometimes the logical subject is understood:multos modios salis simul (i. e. amicis) edendos esse,
Cic. Lael. 19, 67.—Sometimes both the subject and predicate are understood:quare si simul (i. e. nos agere) placebit,
Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 2.—With a plur. object:3.(Alcumena) uno partu duos peperit semul,
Plaut. Am. 5, 2, 8:duas res simul nunc agere decretum'st mihi,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 1:si duos consules simul ex Italia ejectos... res publica tenere potuisset,
Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:ambo cum simul conspicimus,
Liv. 40, 46 init.:simul omnibus portis erupit,
id. 40, 48 fin.; cf. Auct. Her. 3, 12, 22; Liv. 8, 37, 5; 21, 60; 40, 30; 42, 7; Curt. 5, 9, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 76; 10, 3, 23; 10, 7, 16.—So with singular implying a plural:tota (urbs) simul exsurgere aedificiis coepit,
Liv. 6, 4, 6:totam simul causam ponit ante oculos,
Quint. 6, 1, 1.—After an adverb. implying a plural noun:igitur undique simul (i. e. ex omnibus locis simul) speculatores citi sese ostendunt,
Sall. J. 101, 1.—Referring [p. 1703] to plural attributes:4.omnium simul rerum... discrimine proposito,
Liv. 6, 35, 6:multarum simul civitatium legati Romam convenerunt,
id. 43, 6, 1.—Referring to an attributive participle understood:II.multitudo plurium simul gentium (= simul eodem loco versantium),
Liv. 44, 45:trium simul bellorum victor (= eodem tempore gestorum),
id. 6, 4, 1:inter duo simul bella,
id. 7, 27, 7:tot simul malis victi,
Curt. 4, 4, 12.Referring to nouns, etc., connected by the preposition cum: simul cum = una cum (v. una, s. v. unus), together with:III.novi (illum) cum Calcha semul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 48:jube in urbem veniat jam tecum semul,
id. Most. 4, 2, 26:qui ipsus equidem nunc primum istanc tecum conspicio semul?
id. Am. 2, 2, 122:me misisti ad portum cum luci semul,
id. Stich. 2, 2, 40:quae (amicitia) incepta a parvis cum aetate adcrevit simul,
Ter. And. 3, 3, 7:simul consilium cum re amisti?
id. Eun. 2, 2, 10:Critolaum simul cum Diogene venisse commemoras,
Cic. Or. 2, 38, 100:Hortensius tecum simul pro Appio Claudio dixit,
id. Brut. 64, 230:cum corporibus simul animos interire,
id. Lael. 4, 13:vobiscum simul considerantis,
id. Rep. 1, 46, 70:testamentum Cyri simul obsignavi cum Clodio,
id. Mil. 18, 48:simul cum lege Aelia magistratum iniit,
id. Att. 1, 16, 13:simul cum lumine pandit,
id. Arat. 704 (452):simul cum moribus immutatur fortuna,
Sall. C. 2, 5:cum anima simul,
id. ib. 33, 4:simul cum occasu solis,
id. J. 91, 2:simul cum dono designavit templi finis,
Liv. 1, 10, 5:si (dictator) se (Fabium) simul cum gloria rei gestae extinxisset,
id. 8, 31, 7:ut cresceret simul et neglegentia cum audacia hosti,
id. 31, 36, 7; cf. Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 136; id. Aul. 4, 4, 28; id. Bacch. 4, 1, 5; id. Cist. 4, 2, 105; id. Ep. 1, 1, 39; id. Men. prol. 27; 2, 3, 54; 5, 1, 36; id. Merc. 2, 1, 31; id. Most. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Ac. 1, 1, 13; id. Tusc. 3, 18, 40; id. de Or. 2, 33, 142; 3, 3, 10; id. Arch. 12, 30; id. Sest. 22, 50; id. Fam. 15, 4, 8; Liv. 1, 31, 3; Nep. 3, 2; 11, 3; 18, 3; 23, 6; Quint. 11, 3, 65; Hor. Epod. 1, 8; id. S. 1, 1, 58.—Strengthened by una:quippe omnes semul didicimus tecum una,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 50; cf. id. Most. 4, 3, 43.—With ellipsis of mecum:qui scribis morderi te interdum quod non simul sis,
Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8.—Freq. cum eo (eis, etc.) must be supplied after simul, likewise, together with him, them, etc.:in vigiliam quando ibat miles, tum tu ibas semul (i. e. cum eo)?
Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 86:cum simul P. Rutilius venisset,
Cic. Rep. 1, 11, 17:hos qui simul erant missi, fallere,
id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:prae metu ne simul (i. e. cum iis) Romanus irrumperet,
Liv. 5, 13, 13:extra turbam ordinem conlocuntur semul (i. e. inter se),
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 69; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 180; Cic. Pis. 34, 84; Liv. 6, 11, 5; Curt. 8, 13, 3.—Simul with abl. alone = cum with abl. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. Gr. hama with dat.):simul his,
Hor. S. 1, 10, 86:quippe simul nobis habitat,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 29:his simul,
Sil. 3, 268:Magnetibus simul transmissi,
Tac. A. 4, 55:quindecimviri septemviris simul,
id. ib. 3, 64; cf. id. ib. 6, 9; Sil. 5, 418; Sen. Troad. 1049.Referring to a preceding adverb. clause, at the same time, i.e. as that of the action described:IV.juris ubi dicitur dies, simul patronis dicitur,
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 17:quamquam ego vinum bibo, at mandata hau consuevi semul bibere una (= bibere quom vinum bibo, una cum vino),
id. Pers. 2, 1, 3:quando nihil sit (quod det), semul amare desinat,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 73 Fleck.:ubi res prolatae sunt, quom rus homines eunt, semul prolatae res sunt nostris dentibus,
id. Capt. 1, 1, 10; id. Ps. 4, 7, 84; cf.:domum numquam introibis, nisi feres pallam simul (i. e. cum introibis),
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 104.Referring to two or more co-ordinate terms or facts representing these as simultaneous, and at the same time, and also, both... and ( at once), together.1.Referring to co-ordinate terms of the same sentence.a.Simul preceding all the coordinate terms which are connected by et, ac, atque, que, or by et... et (freq. in the histt.):b.semul flere sorbereque haud facile est,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 104:Q. Hortensi ingenium simul aspectum et probatum est,
Cic. Brut. 64, 228: Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, Sall. J. 70, 5:dicenti lacrimae simul spiritum et vocem intercluserunt,
Liv. 40, 16 init.:quae simul auxilio tribunicio et consensu plebis impediri coepta,
id. 6, 27, 9:Lycios sub Rhodiorum simul imperio et tutela esse,
id. 41, 6 fin.:Priverni qui simul a Fundanis ac Romanis defecerunt,
id. 8, 19, 11:simul divinae humanaeque spei pleni pugnam poscunt,
id. 10, 40, 1:eximio simul honoribus atque virtutibus,
id. 6, 11, 3:obruit animum simul luctus metusque,
id. 42, 28; 5, 26, 10; Val. Max. 5, 2, 6:simul ipsum Vitellium contemnebant metuebantque,
Tac. H. 2, 92; cf. Liv. 3, 38, 12; 3, 50, 12; 5, 7, 3; 6, 18, 5; 6, 33, 9; 6, 40, 4; 9, 12, 4; 27, 51, 12; Caes. B. G. 7, 48; Curt. 5, 4, 30; Sen. Q. N. 2, 54, 2.—So with three or more co-ordinate terms, either all connected by et, Caes. B. G. 4, 24, 2; Quint. 1, 12, 3; 10, 7, 23;or asyndetic: nunc simul res, fides, fama, virtus, decus deseruerunt,
Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 60.—Simul after all the coordinate terms (mostly ante-class.):c.nunc operam potestis ambo mihi dare et vobis simul,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 40:faxo et operam et vinum perdiderit simul,
id. Aul. 3, 6, 42:ut si quis sacrilegii et homicidii simul accusetur,
Quint. 12, 1, 4; cf. Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; id. Men. 3, 3, 16; Mart. 11, 58, 10.—Simul after the first of the co-ordinate terms (so not in Cic.):d.convenit regnum simul atque locos ut haberet,
Naev. Bell. Pun. 1, 6, fr. 3:oculis simul ac mente turbatum,
Liv. 7, 26, 5:quod ubi auditum simul visumque est,
id. 8, 39, 7:pulvere simul ac sudore perfusum,
Curt. 3, 5, 2:terrestri simul navalique clade,
id. 4, 3, 14:vota nuncupabantur simul et solvebantur,
Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:qui ima simul ac summa foveret aequaliter,
Sen. Ep. 90, 25; cf. Liv. 4, 32, 12; Curt. 3, 8, 23; 6, 5, 19; 8, 5, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 30.—In post-Aug. prose without any temporal idea, = as well as:populi Romani facta simul ac dicta memoratu digna... deligere constitui,
Val. Max. 1 prol.; so id. 1, 1, 9.—Placed before the last term.(α).Simul et (= simul etiam), and at the same time, and also:(β).Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat,
Sall. J. 97, 1:Marium fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum et offensum,
id. ib. 73, 2:Marius hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem exagitandi, contionem advocavit,
id. ib. 84, 5:milites modesto imperio habiti, simul et locupletes,
id. ib. 92, 2:Perseus cum adventu consulis, simul et veris principio strepere omnia cerneret,
Liv. 44, 34 fin.; cf. Hor. C. 1, 20, 6.—Simulque (rare):(γ).ut (materia) fragilis incumberet, simulque terra umore diluta,
Curt. 8, 10, 25.—Simul, without any conjunction (so in Cic., but only poet.):e.Neptuno grates habeo et tempestatibus, semul Mercurio qui, etc.,
Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 3:Electra Stereopeque, simul sanctissima Maja,
Cic. Arat. 270 (36):inter solis iter, simul inter flamina venti,
id. ib. 342 (101):ambiguus consilii, num Dyrrhachium pedite atque equite, simul longis navibus mare clauderet,
Tac. H. 2, 83. —Inserted in the last term ( poet.):2.memor Actae non alio rege puertiae, Mutataeque simul togae,
Hor. C. 1, 36, 9;interea Maecenas advenit atque Coccejus, Capitoque simul Fontejus,
id. S. 1, 5, 32.—Referring to two or more co-ordinate clauses or sentences.a.Et simul or simulque:b.contundam facta Talthybi, contem namque omnes nuntios, semulque cursuram meditabor ad ludos Olympios,
Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 34:eamus, et de istac simul consilium volo capere una tecum,
i. e. while going, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 65:quod... et simul quia,
Lucr. 5, 1181:ratio Ecquaenam fuerit origo... et simul ecquae sit finis, etc.,
id. 5, 1213:sed iidem illi ita mecum loquuntur... et simul admonent quiddam quod cavebimus, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 1, 11, 28:ex tuis litteris cognovi festinationem tuam, et simul sum admiratus cur, etc.,
id. Fam. 7, 8, 1:emergit Nixi caput, et simul effert sese clara Fides et, etc.,
id. Arat. 713 (460):postquam Rutilium consedisse accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio clamorem augeri,
Sall. J. 52, 6:equites ex equis desiliunt, simulque et hosti se opponunt, et animos peditum accendunt,
Liv. 3, 62, 8:tum rigere omnibus corpora... et simul lassitudine et... fame etiam deficere,
id. 21, 54, 9; 41, 3; Cic. Arat. 504 (259); 545 (299); Curt. 4, 2, 21; Quint. 2, 5, 13.—Simul with autem or enim, introducing the second sentence:c.salve! simul autem vale!
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1: augeamus sane suspicionem tuam;simul enim augebimus diligentiam,
Cic. Marc. 7, 22.—Simul preceding co-ordinate sentences, generally connected by et... et, but also by a single copulative conjunction:3.simul enim et rei publicae consules, et propones ei exempla ad imitandum,
Cic. Phil. 10, 2, 5:illa autem altera ratio quae simul et opinionem falsam tollit, et aegritudinem detrahit,
id. Tusc. 4, 28, 60:simul et inopiam frumenti lenire, et ignaris omnibus parare,
Sall. J. 91, 1:nullus portus erat qui simul et omnis onerarias caperet, et tecta legionibus praeberet,
Liv. 32, 18, 3:simul et cohors invasit, et ex omnibus oppidi partibus... concurrerunt,
id. 32, 24, 3: simul Metelli imagines dereptae, et missi qui Antonio nuntiarent. Tac. H. 3, 13; cf. Suet. Caes. 57.—Referring to co-ordinate clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions:V.Mnesilochum ut requiram atque ut eum mecum ad te adducam semul,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 2:tantum faciam ut notam apponam... et simul significem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 6, 2:quod eo liberius ad te seribo, quia nostrae laudi favisti, simulque quod video non novitati esse invisum meae,
id. ib. 1, 7, 8; 7, 10, 3.—If used in connecting dependent clauses, simul often stands for a co-ordinating conjunction; v. VI. infra.Introducing an independent sentence, at the same time, also, likewise (cf.: itaque, igitur, deinde, tum, etc.).1.Simul alone:2.ego Tiresiam consulam quid faciundum censeat: semul hanc rem ut facta est eloquar,
Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 77:sequimini! simul circumspicite ne quis adsit arbiter,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 1:alterum ipse efficiam ut attente audiatis. Simul illud oro: si, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10:hoc proprium virtutis existimant... simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 23:Valerio Samnitium legiones occurrunt... simul in Campanos stimulabat ira,
Liv. 7, 32, 3:tibi (Apollo) decimam partem praedae voveo. Te simul, Juno, precor ut, etc.,
id. 5, 21, 3.—More freq. simul et (= etiam):VI.quia videbitur Magis verisimile id esse... simul et conficiam facilius ego quod volo,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 55:nolite committere ut in re tam inveterata quidquam novi sentiatis. Simul et illa omnia ante oculos vestros proponite, etc.,
Cic. Balb. 28, 65:demonstravi haec Caecilio. Simul et illud ostendi, me ei satisfacturum,
id. Att. 1, 1, 4:legati jam reverterant... simul venerant et ab rege Perseo oratores qui, etc.,
Liv. 41, 19 med.:ipse ad Sycurium progressus, opperiri ibi hostium adventum statuit. Simul et frumentari passim exercitum jubet,
id. 42, 54 fin.; cf. Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 14; Cic. Or. 2, 85, 349; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 34; id. Prov. Cons. 15, 36; id. Balb. 25, 56; id. Arat. 618 (372); 628 (382); 707 (454); 721 (468); Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 6, 8; Sall. C. 30, 2; id. J. 100, 3; Liv. 8, 9, 13; 8, 32, 5; 10, 3, 2; 40, 32; 4, 49, 3; Tac. H. 1, 1; 1, 52; 2, 53; 3, 15; 3, 18; 3, 20; 3, 29; 3, 42; 3, 82.Simul itself stands as co-ordinating conjunction, to connect dependent clauses represented as contemporaneous, and at the same time, and also (not ante-class.; rare in Cic.;VII.freq. in the histt.): ei Verres possessionem negat se daturum, ne posset patronum suum juvare, simul ut esset poena quod, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 124:omnes vocat ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius Gallorum vita quam legionarius miles periclitetur, simul ut... pro tali facinore stirps et nomen civitatis tollatur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 34: quippe foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat;simul quia boni complures praesidium in eo putabant,
Sall. C. 19, 2:cujus de virtute, quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto, simul ne per insolentiam quis existumet memet studium meum laudando extollere,
id. J. 4, 2:nihil horum... discere cum cerneret posse, simul et tirocinio et perturbatione juvenis moveretur, etc.,
Liv. 39, 47:a sermone Graeco puerum incipere malo, quia Latinum vel nobis nolentibus perhibet, simul quia disciplinis quoque Graecis prius instruendus est,
Quint. 1, 1, 12; Sall. J. 20, 1; Liv. 39, 33, 1; 8, 6, 11; Caes. B. C. 43, 2; Sall. C. 20, 3; 56, 5; Liv. 3, 50, 10; 40, 36 init.; Tac. H. 1, [p. 1704] 70;2, 15.—So, connecting participial expressions or adverbial phrases with dependent clauses: his amicis confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum ingens erat, et quod... opprimendae reipublicae consilium cepit,
Sall. C. 16, 4:hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis obsecrati,
id. J. 25, 5:ob eam iram, simul ut praeda militem aleret, duo milia peditum... populari agrum jussit,
Liv. 21, 52, 5; 3, 66, 3:equites praemisit speculatum, simul ut ignem exstinguerent,
Curt. 4, 10, 11:Otho, quamquam turbidis rebus, etc., simul reputans non posse, etc.,
Tac. H. 1, 83 init.:committere igitur eum (locum) non fidelissimis sociis noluit, simul quod ab illa parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32, § 84; Liv. 9, 2, 5; Tac. H. 1, 70 fin.; 2, 28; 2, 30.Simul. as co-ordinating conjunction, is frequently placed before each of the co-ordinate terms (simul... simul = hama men... hama de), partly... partly; not only... but at the same time (not anteAug.).1.With independent clauses:2.simul castra oppugnabantur, simul pars exercitus ad populandum agrum Romanum missa,
Liv. 3, 5, 2:accolas Hannibal simul perlicit ad naves fabricandas, simul et ipsi traici exercitum cupiebant,
id. 21, 26, 7:ab his simul custodes trucidari coepti, simul datum signum armatis ut ex insidiis concurrerent,
id. 9, 25, 8:simul gratias agit, simul gratulatur quod, etc.,
Curt. 6, 7, 15; cf. Verg. A. 1, 631 sq.; 2, 220 sqq.; 12, 268; Liv. 1, 9, 5.—With dependent clauses:3.venit ad quaerendum, simul quod non deducerent praesidia, simul quod in Bithyniam auxilia missi forent,
Liv. 39, 46 fin.:Perseus cum audisset, simul Meliboeam a consulis exercitu oppugnari, simul classem Iolci stare,
id. 44, 13 init.:consul ad Phylan ducit, simul ut praesidium firmaret, simul ut militi frumentum divideret,
id. 44, 8, 1:simul questi... simul nuntiantes,
id. 42, 46:plus quam imponebatur oneris recepi, simul ut pleniore obsequio demererer amantissimos mei, simul ne... alienis vestigiis insisterem, Quint. prooem. 3.—Rarely connecting a dependent clause with an independent sentence: Athenas ierant, simul ut pro legatione praemio esset honos, simul peritos legum peregrinarum ad condenda nova jura usui fore credebant,
Liv. 3, 35, 5; cf. Verg. A. 12, 758.—Co-ordinating dependent clauses with adverbial phrases:4.Germani frequenter in castra venerunt, simul sui purgandi causa, simul ut de induciis impetrarent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 13:Philippus, simul ne ocio miles deterior fieret, simul avertendae suspicionis causa... in Maedicam ducere pergit,
Liv. 40, 21, 1. —Connecting single nouns or phrases belonging to the same predicate:VIII.cum simul fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum impetum sustinuit,
Liv. 2, 10, 10:ad se simul legatos, simul milites missos,
id. 42, 52 med.:et Romae simul dilectu, simul tributo conferendo laboratum est,
id. 5, 10, 3:increpando simul temeritatem, simul ignaviam,
id. 2, 65, 4:tum vero si mul ab hostibus, simul ab iniquitate loco rum Poeni oppugnabantur,
id. 21, 33, 5:inter simul complorationem feminarum, simul nefandam caedem,
id. 41, 11:simul a mari, simul a terra ingredienti,
id. 44, 12 med.; cf. Tac. A. 1, 49; 14, 40; id. Agr. 25; 36; 41; Verg. G. 3, 201; id. A. 1, 513; Hor. S. 2, 2, 73.Simul, in connection with ac, atque (also written in one word, , sĭmŭlatque), rarely with ut, and very rarely with et, is used as subordinating, temporal conjunction, as soon as. For simulac, etc., simul alone is freq.1.Simul ac: simul ac lacrimas de ore noegeo (i. e. candido) detersit, Liv. And. ap. Fest. p. 174 Mull.:2.Demenaetum simul ac conspexero hodie,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 73:non simul ac se ipse commovit, sensit quid intersit,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:si simul ac procul conspexit armatos, recessisset,
id. Caecil. 16, 46:dicebam, simul ac timere desisses, similem te futurum tui,
id. Phil. 2, 35, 89:Alcibiades, simul ac se remiserat, dissolutus reperiebatur,
Nep. Alcib. 1. 4:at mihi plaudo Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arca,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 67; cf. Cic. N. D. 1, 38, 108; id. Fam. 15, 16, 2; id. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 46; id. Or. 2, 27, 117; Verg. A. 4, 90; 12, 222; Ov. M. 2, 167; Hor. S. 1, 2, 33; 1, 4, 119; 1, 8, 21.—Strengthened by primum (= ut primum):simul ac primum ei occasio visa est, quaestor consulem deseruit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 34; so id. ib. 2, 1, 52, § 138; id. Phil. 4, 1, 1; Suet. Caes. 30; id. Ner. 43.—Simul atque:3.L. Clodius, simul atque introductus est, rem conficit,
Cic. Clu. 14, 40:simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes ilico nostrae conticescunt,
id. Mur. 10, 22:simul atque audivit ejus interitum, suo Marte res suas recuperavit,
id. Phil. 2, 37, 95:simul atque enim se infiexit hic rex in dominatum injustiorem, fit continuo tyrannus,
id. Rep. 2, 26, 49:simul atque sibi hic adnuisset, numeraturum se dicebat,
id. Quint. 5, 18:qui, simul atque in oppidum venerat, inmittebantur illi continuo Cibyratici canes,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 21, § 47:simul atque de Caesaris adventu cognitum est,
Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 3; cf. Cic. Planc. 41, 98; id. Phil. 8, 10, 31; Suet. Caes. 29; id. Galb. 7.—Simul ut (v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33):4.simul ut experrecti sumus, visa illa contemnimus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 51:simul ut accepi a Seleuco litteras tuas, statim quaesivi, etc.,
id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:nostros omnia consequi potuisse, simul ut velle coepissent,
id. Tusc. 4, 2, 5; id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 3 (6, 2):simul ut, qui sint professi, videro, dicam,
id. Planc. 6, 14; id. Att. 10, 4, 12:nam simul ut supero se totum lumine Cancer extulit, extemplo cedit delapsa Corona,
id. Arat. 596 (349).—Simul et:5.simul et quid erit certi, scribam ad te,
Cic. Att. 2, 20, 2:ego ad te statim habebo quod scribam, simul et videro Curionem,
id. ib. 10, 4, 12:quam accepi simul et in Cumanum veni,
id. ib. 10, 16, 4; 16, 11, 6; id. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 3. In all these passages the Cod. Med. has simul et, which the editors variously changed into simulatque, simulac, simul ut, simul; so,omne animal simul et ortum est, se ipsum diligit,
Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33, where the vulg. has simul ut, and Madv. reads simul [et] ortum.—Simul ubi:6.quod simul ubi conspexit, equites emisit,
Liv. 4, 18, 7 dub. Weissenb. ad loc.—Simul alone, = simul atque:simul herbae inceperint nasci,
Cato, R. R. 48:hic simul argentum repperit, cura sese expedivit,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 4: simul limen intrabo, illi extrabunt illico, Afran. ap. Non. 104, 21 (Com. Rel. v. 5 Rib.):simul inflavit tibicen, a perito carmen agnoscitur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 86:nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, in hostes impetum fecerunt,
Caes. B. G. 4, 26 fin.:simul increpuere arma, hostis pedem rettulit,
Liv. 6, 24, 1; cf. Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 12; id. Fin. 3, 6, 21; id. Arat. 594 (349); Caes. B. C. 1, 30, 3; Liv. 3, 62, 6; 4, 18, 6; 4, 31, 5; 4, 32, 6; 5, 25, 11; 8, 32, 2; 21, 55, 9; 44, 8 med.; 44, 19; 44, 44 fin.; Curt. 3, 11, 4; Phaedr. 3, 16, 16; Hor. C. 1, 12, 27; 3, 4, 37; Verg. G. 4, 232; Ov. F. 1, 567.—Strengthened by primum:simul primum magistratio abiit, dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:simul primum anni tempus navigabile praebuisset mare,
id. 35, 44, 5 Weissenb. ad loc.; Suet. Caes. 30. -
9 Conjunction
Союзы служат для связи частей сложного предложения или однородных членов предложения, выражая смысловое отношение между ними. Союзы делятся на сочинительные, соединяющие независимые однородные члены или части сложносочиненного предложения (см. Coordinating conjunctions), и подчинительные, вводящие придаточные (то есть зависимые) предложения (см. Subordinating conjunctions). В качестве союзов могут выступать относительные местоимения which, that - который, where - где и т.д. (см. Relative pronouns).•— Сложносочиненное предложение см. Compound sentence
— Сложноподчиненное предложение см. Complex sentence
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10 Complex sentence
↑ SentenceСложноподчиненным называется сложное предложение, в котором есть главная часть и одна или несколько зависимых частей, каждая из которых имеет собственное подлежащее и сказуемое. Например, в предложении "When I got back home you were already asleep" имеется главная часть ‘you were already asleep’ и зависимая часть ‘when I got back home’.1) Главное предложение ( Main clause).Главная часть сложного предложения указывает на основное событие, описываемое в данном предложении. Главное предложение, в отличие от придаточного, нельзя опустить, не исказив общего смысла предложения.2) Придаточное предложение ( Subordinate clause).Предложение, зависящее от главного, называется придаточным. Придаточные предложения могут выполнять функции различных членов предложения (подлежащего, дополнения, обстоятельства...). О типах придаточных предложений см. Subordinate clause.•— Простое предложение см. Simple sentence
— Сложносочиненное предложение см. Compound sentence
— Подчинительные союзы см. Subordinating conjunctions
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11 Subordinate clause
Предложение, зависящее от главного, называется придаточным. Придаточное предложение поясняет главное. Придаточное предложение, в отличие от главного, обычно можно опустить, сохранив основной смысл предложения (исключение составляют именные придаточные, см. Nominal clause).Типы придаточных предложений:а) собственно придаточные предложения.В качестве сказуемого придаточного предложения выступает глагол в личной форме (см. Finite and non-finite verbs). Придаточные предложения обычно присоединяются к главному при помощи подчинительных союзов. (Subordinating conjunctions)., take a couple of these pills. — Если тебе нездоровится, прими пару этих таблеток.He told me that the match had been cancelled. — Он сказал, что матч отменили.
б) нефинитные обороты ( см. Non-finite clause)Обороты с неличными (или нефинитными) формами глагола ( Finite and non-finite verbs) в английском языке выполняют те же функции, что и придаточные предложения.you have to pass a number of examinations. — Чтобы попасть в эту школу, нужно сдать ряд экзаменов., I came in. — Увидев, что дверь открыта, я вошел.2) по функции.а) именные придаточные предложения (см. Nominal clause)Выполняют функции, аналогичные функциям имени существительного.is no business of yours. — Что я думаю - не твое дело.б) определительные придаточные предложения (см. Relative clause)Придаточные предложения, выполняющие функцию определения.This is the school we went to before. — Вот школа, в которой мы раньше учились.
в) обстоятельственные придаточные предложения (см. Adverbial clause)Выполняют функцию обстоятельства.Do I enjoy a decent bath because I know that John Smith cannot afford one - or because I delight in being clean? — Почему я так ценю хорошую ванну: потому что знаю, что Джон Смит не может себе такой позволить, или потому что мне нравится быть чистым?
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12 nevenschikkende en onderschikkende voegwoorden
nevenschikkende en onderschikkende voegwoordencoordinating and subordinating conjunctions, coordinators and subordinatorsVan Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > nevenschikkende en onderschikkende voegwoorden
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13 voegwoord
〈 taalkunde〉♦voorbeelden:nevenschikkende en onderschikkende voegwoorden • coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, coordinators and subordinators -
14 conjunción
f.conjunction, conjunctive.* * *1 conjunction* * *noun f.* * *SF conjunction* * *1) (Ling) conjunction2) ( unión) combination3) (Astron) conjunction* * *= conjunction.Ex. Thus we can easily start to compile a list of prepositions, conjunctions and articles, for example, an, a, the, and, for, this, these, which can be ignored in indexing.----* en conjunción con = in tandem with, in conjunction with.* * *1) (Ling) conjunction2) ( unión) combination3) (Astron) conjunction* * *= conjunction.Ex: Thus we can easily start to compile a list of prepositions, conjunctions and articles, for example, an, a, the, and, for, this, these, which can be ignored in indexing.
* en conjunción con = in tandem with, in conjunction with.* * *A ( Ling) conjunctionconjunción coordinante/subordinante/adversativa coordinating/subordinating/adversative conjunctionB (suma, unión) combinationen conjunción con in conjunction withC ( Astron) conjunction* * *
conjunción sustantivo femeninoa) (Ling, Astron) conjunction
conjunción sustantivo femenino
1 Ling conjunction
2 (coincidencia)
3 Astron conjunction
' conjunción' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
copulativa
- copulativo
- apenas
- aunque
- bien
- como
- conforme
- conque
- cuando
- donde
- e
- luego
- mas
- mientras
- ni
- o
- pero
- porque
- pues
- que
- según
- si
- sino
- u
- y
- ya
English:
conjunction
- soon
- suppose
- sure
- surprisingly
- after
- albeit
- although
- as
- because
- before
- both
- but
- considering
- either
- for
- if
- inasmuch as
- insofar as
- lest
- like
- neither
- nor
- now
- once
- only
- or
- provided
- providing
- seeing
- since
- so
- supposing
- than
- that
- though
- unless
- until
- when
- whenever
- where
- whereas
- wherever
- whether
- while
- whilst
- yet
* * *conjunción nf1. Gram conjunctionconjunción adversativa adversative conjunction;conjunción coordinante coordinating conjunction;conjunción copulativa copulative conjunction;conjunción disyuntiva disjunctive conjunction;conjunción subordinante subordinating conjunction2. Astron conjunction3. [de circunstancias, hechos] combination* * *f GRAM conjunction* * ** * *conjunción n conjunction
См. также в других словарях:
subordinating conjunction — subordinating conjunctions N COUNT A subordinating conjunction is a word such as although , because , or when which begins a subordinate clause. Compare co ordinating conjunction. [TECHNICAL] … English dictionary
Conjunctions — ◊ GRAMMAR A conjunction is a word which links two clauses, groups, or words. There are two kinds of conjunction: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. ◊ coordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions link clauses, groups … Useful english dictionary
conjunctions — ◊ GRAMMAR A conjunction is a word which links two clauses, groups, or words. There are two kinds of conjunction: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. ◊ coordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions link clauses, groups … Useful english dictionary
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Conjunction (grammar) — But redirects here. For other uses, see BUT (disambiguation). In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated conj or cnj) is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining … Wikipedia
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Grammatical conjunction — In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases or clauses together. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a conjunction should be defined for each language. In general … Wikipedia
Dependent clause — In linguistics, a dependent clause (sometimes called a subordinate clause) is a clause that augments an independent clause with additional information, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses modify the independent clause of … Wikipedia
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